When RNA translation has completed and the
proteins have been properly folded, most proteins
are subject to a diverse range of post-translational
modifications that affect their function. It is an
important cellular strategy that enables the cell to
react dynamically to intracellular or environmental
changes caused by exposure to stress factors,
growth stimuli or differentiation signals. Proteins
are modified by methylation, acetylation, hydroxylation,
phosphorylation or conjugated to ubiquitin
(Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins. The posttranslational
modification with Ub of proteins has
emerged to play an essential role in the regulation
of virtually all aspects of cell biology.
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